INTRODUCTION:

Abacavir is an antiretroviral medication. It is used to treat AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), which is caused by the virus called HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). It is a member of the group known as NRTIs or nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors. It is administrated along with other antietroviral medications. Abacavir sulphate tablets, a generic medication used to treat HIV infection, have gained a provisional approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), according to the pharmaceutical company Stride Arcolab. Abacavir receives USFDA nod from Aurobindo Pharma.

Abacavir is found as sulphate salt, White to off-white crystalline solid, Melting point 165°C.The solubility is pH dependent, increased solubility is seen at acidic pH. This active substance is soluble in water. In methanol, diethyl ether and ethanol, it is slightly soluble.

Abacavir is a carbocyclic 2'-deoxyguanosine, NRTI that is utilised exclusively to treat HIV infection. Recommended dosages are 300 mg twice daily or 600 mg once daily.

Abacavir is mainly metabolized by the liver andis eliminated in the urine as unchangedform. It is processed through two major metabolic processes in the liver: the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway and the uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase pathway.

The most prevalent side effects of the NRTI class are mitochondrial toxicity, which can manifest as pancreatitis, peripheral neuropathy, lipoatrophy, and hepatic steatosis. Lactic acidosis symptoms can also develop in patients. Due to the higher mortality risk, these need to be monitored. Patients receiving long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) may develop lipodystrophy, which is the redistribution of fat¹. Abacavir should not be given to persons who have coronary artery disease or are more prone to have a myocardial infarction since it increases the risk of hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular events.

The quantitative analysis techniquesare to quantify the amount or awareness of an analyte in a pattern and to express that amount as a numerical value within the right units. These strategies rely on the correct chemical reaction and both measure the amount of reagent delivered to complete the reaction or measure the amount of response product received, the function motion of a substance via a described medium below managed situations, electrical dimension, or dimension of the compound's spectroscopic properties².

Chemical taxonomy:³

Abacavir is a 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in that the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group.It has a role as a HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, an antiviral drug also a drug allergen.

IUPAC Name: [(1S,4R)-4-[2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)purin-9-yl]cyclopent-2-en-1-yl]methanol

Molecular FormulaC₁₄H₁₈N₆O

Molecular Weight286.33

Pharmacokinetic studies:

Absorption: Rapid and extensive succeeding oral route of administration (tablet, 83% bioavailability).

Route of Elimination: Through faeces and urine.

Volume of Distribution: 0.86 ± 0.15 L/kg [IV administration]

Clearance:

Adult patients with HIV-1 who received a single dosage of 150 mg intravenously received 0.80 0.24 L/hr/kg. The 5-carboxylic acid metabolite, 5-glucuronide metabolite, and unmodified abacavir accounted for 30, 36, and 1.2% of the recovered radioactivity in urine, respectively, whereas unknown minor metabolites made up around 15%.

Analytical methods for abacavir for estimation in bulk drugs and pharmaceutical formulation:

UV Visible Spectrophotometry:

UV-visible spectroscopy or UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV/Vis) are terms used to describe either absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy within the ultraviolet-visible spectral range. UV-visible spectroscopy is an analytical technique that determines the amount of analyte by measuring how much light it absorbs.

The ultraviolet/visible region (UV-Vis) is measured at wavelengths between about 200 and 800 nm. UV-vis spectroscopy is a low-cost, user-friendly, versatile, and non-destructive analytical technique that may be used to a variety of organic and certain inorganic substances The absorption or transmittance of light through a medium as a function of wavelength is determined by UV-vis spectrophotometers. A UV/Vis spectrophotometer can be used as an HPLC detector.

UV spectrophotometer is an enormously simple tool which makes it less complicated to couple with different analytical techniques along with RP HPLC.

N. Appala Raju et al.developed a two UV spectrometric techniques A and B, both the methods are simple, precise and sensitive for the quantification of abacavir sulfate in its pharmaceutical dosage form.Methods A and B combine abacavir sulfate with bromophenol blue or bromocresol green, which can be extracted with chloroform and have λmax values of 460 nm and 469 nm, respectively. The absorbance-concentration plots for procedures both A and B are linear in the 1-10 mcg/mL range.

Statistics and recovery studies were performed to validate the analysis findings across all methodologies. The proposed methods for calculating abacavir sulfate in bulk as well as dosage form are practical and sensitive⁴.

Supritha H.R. et al. for the determination of abacavir in and pharmaceutical dose forms, a unique, straightforward, accurate, and exact zero order derivative spectroscopic approach was created and verified. Its absorption maximum occurs at 296 nm in 0.1 N HCl. The linearity concentration range over 2-16 µg/ml and the regression coefficient was found to be 0.999. This concentration range demonstrated good linearity, repeatability, and precision. Y = 0.045 X + 0.006 was found to be the regression equation. The %RSD values were below 2. The current approaches were successful in achieving the validation parameters, such as accuracy, precision, linearity, range, ruggedness, LOD and LOQ, etc., in accordance with ICH guidelines. The intended method for quantifying abacavir in bulk and pharmaceutical dose forms was effectively used⁵.

P. Nagulwar Vaishali, et al.,"Simultaneous estimation of abacavir, lamivudine and zidovudinein combined tablet dosage form by UV spectrophotometric method" has been developed. In the current work, abacavir, lamivudine and zidovudine are simultaneously estimated in bulk drug and tablet dosage form using an accurate, affordable, and reproducible UV-Vis spectrometric method. Acetonitrile was used to make the stock solutions, and then further dilution with distilled water. The maximum absorbances of abacavir, lamivudine and Zidovudine were detected at 295.6 nm, 279.8 nm and 266.2 nm, respectively. All three medications also demonstrated linearity at said wavelengths in the concentration ranges of 5 - 30 µg/ mL, 5 - 25 µg/ mL, and 5 - 30 µg/mL.Abacavir (30 µg/mL), lamivudine (15 µg/mL), and zidovudine (30 µg/mL) mixtures were evaluated at their said wavelengths and their contents were determined using the simultaneous equation (Cramer's rule). Abacavir, lamivudine and Zidovudine were found to 99.25%, 99.12% and 100.16% in bulk drugs and in commercial formulation the assay was found to be 98.55%, 99.70, and 99.92%, respectively. The analysis's findings have been supported by recovery studies and statistical analysis. As a result, the current work provides an excellent way for determining the presence of all three medications in a mixed dosage form without first separating them⁶.

Akhilesh S. Tokey et al., created and validated a straightforward, quick, linear, accurate, exact, and affordable UV spectroscopic approach for estimating the dosage of abacavir in tablets: The medication is practically insoluble in ethanol, barely soluble in water, and easily soluble in laboratory grade methanol. As a result, the procedure uses analytical grade methanol as a diluent. Abacavir's melting point was discovered to be between 164°C and 165°C (uncorrected). It revealed 256 nm λmax in analytical grade methanol. The working concentration was determined at 15 µg/ml (PPM) in accordance with the absorption spectra. The linearity range of 5 to 25 µg/ml. Recovery studies supported the analysis's findings. The recovery of three level was discovered to be 98.75, 101, and 99.17%, respectively. The precision and ruggedness % RSD were found to be 0.32% and 0.46%respectively⁷.

Colorimetric Method:

B ranjithaet. al., The quantification of abacavir sulfate in bulk and dosage forms using new colorimetric techniques for the purpose of estimating the presence of abacavir sulfate in pharmaceutical formulations, four straightforward (designated as A, B, C and D) visible spectrophotometric techniques, which are sensitive, quick, and very accurate. The methods A and B are the production of an ion pair complex between abacavir sulfate and the dyes erichrome black-T and orange-G in an acetate buffer, then by a chloroform extraction. For the beforementioned complexes, the organic layer's absorbance was measured at 484 nm and 510 nm respectively. The oxidative coupling of abacavir sulfate and 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride (MBTH) abacavir sulfate and 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone in the existence of ceric ammonium sulphate (CAS) results in a colourful product with an absorbance peak at 630 nm in Method C.The Folin-Ciocalteau reagent (F.C. reagent) and abacavir sulphate undergo an oxidation/reduction reaction to produce a blue colour chromogen with an absorbance maximum at 752 nm. Optimisation has been done for every variable. Measurement concentrations are repeatable with a relative standard deviation smaller than 1%. For methods A, B, C, and D, the linearities were determined to be 5 to 60, 2.5 to 15, 10 to 50, and 10 to 70 g/mL, respectively. The suggested techniques were statistically verified. Recovery investigations were conducted using the conventional addition approach⁸.

High performance liquid chromatography:

The analytical chemistry, High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), is used to separate, understand, and quantify each component in a mixture of sample. It uses pumps to transport a column of solid adsorbent through a pressurized liquid solvent, solvent carrying the mixture. The adsorbent and each component within the sample interact slightly in another way, resulting in diverse flow rates for the various components and their separation as they go out the column.

A degasser, sampler, pumps, and detector are usually shown on an HPLC instrument's diagram. The sample combination is introduced by the sampler into the mobile phase stream, which then transports to the column. The pumps push the mobile phase through the column at the accurate flow and composition. It is possible to analyse the quantity of components since the detector produces a signal directly proportional to the amount of sample component going out of the column. The HPLC instrument is managed by auser software provides data analytical report. In some HPLC equipment models, the mechanical pumps can mix different solvents in ratios that change over time, creating a gradient composition in the mobile phase. Numerous detectors, including UV/Vis, photodiode arrays and MS-based detectors are frequently used. Most of HPLC devices moreover, include a column oven that enables temperature adjustment for the separation technique.

Pavan Kumar et. al., The goal of the work was to create a reliable, quick, and validated reverse phase HPLC method for the quantification of Abacavir sulphate-related compounds. YMC Pack Pro C18 column, 150 mm x 4.6 mm, 3μ particle size, 0.05% phosphoric acid in water as mobile phase and 100% ACN as the mobile phase were used to develop and optimise the reverse phase technique. Column flow in gradient mode is fixed at 1.0 mL/min. A 45°C was maintained in the column. The injection volume was 10μL, and the detection wavelength was set to 220 nm. As a diluent, a mixture of water and acetonitrile at a ratio of 90:10(v/v) was used. The developed RP-HPLC technique was validated according to ICH guidelines. The LOD and LOQ values used in this approach ranged from 0.004 g/mL to 0.013 g/mL and 0.023 g/mL to 0.076 g/mL, respectively, for abacavir and all of its associated contaminants. Between 92 and 112% w/w of all pollutants were recovered as a percentage. After preparation, the test solution and mobile phase were seen to be stable for up to 48 hours. Good results were obtained for precision, accuracy, robustness, linearity and ruggedness using the validated approach. The estimated approach was determined to be convenient for the determination of quantity of relevant impurities in the bulk samples of abacavir sulphate API. It was found to be precise, sensitive, and accurate⁹.

HPLC with UV:

Sufiyan Ahmad Raees Ahmad et. al., Objective: for the estimation of Abacavir (ABAC) and Lamivudine (LAMI) in bulk and tablet dosage forms, a straight forward, quick, accurate, precise and reproducible RP-HPLC approach was devised. Methods: ASymmetry Permsil C18 (250 mm 4.6 mm, 5 m) column run in an isocratic manner with a mobile phase consisting of methanol: Water (0.05% orthophosphoric acid with pH 3) 83:17 v/v, a 245 nm as detection wavelength, injection volume of 20μl was used to perform the quantification. Results: The retention times for ABAC and LAMI using the devised approach were discovered to be 3.5 and 7.4 minutes, respectively. According to the requirements of the International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines, the technique was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, limits of detection, limits of quantitation and robustness. The proposed method's assay and mean percent recovery was discovered to be between 99% and 101%. It was discovered that the relative standard deviation was 2% below repeatability. The suggested approach has undergone statistical analysis and can be used for standard quality control examination of ABAC and LAMI in bulk and tablet dosage form¹⁰.

HPLC with photodiode array detection:

Narottam Pal et. al. for the simultaneous measurement of abacavir, lamivudine, and dolutegravir in tablet dose form, a straightforward and speedy HPLC approach was created and validated. The method was developed utilising a non-polar column made of Kromasil 250 mm 4.5 mm, 5 m, mobile phase made of buffer: acetonitrile (65:35), and isocratic elution at 1 mL/min as flow rate. Using a PDA Detector with a wavelength chosen for detection was 257 nm and a temperature of 30 °C, the eluted chemicals were found. lamivudine, abacavir, and dolutegravir each had retention times of 2.250 minutes, 2.734 minutes, and 9.633 minutes, respectively. The loD and LOQ was found to be 0.08 g, 0.06 g, 0.03 g and 0.2 g, 0.19 g, 0.10 g for lamivudine,abacavir, and dolutegravir, respectively.These values were linear to show correlation coefficient 0.999 in all cases. The linearity range was 15 to 90, 30 to 180, and 2.5 to 15 ppm. The current approach was precise, sensitive, repeatable, quick, and easy¹¹.

High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography:

An analytical method based on TLC called HPTLC (High performance thin layer chromatography) has improvements meant to better the resolution of the chemicals to be separated as well as to enable analysis of quantity of the compounds. Some of the refinements allow for increased resolution, such as the use of highquality TLC plates with finer particle sizes in the stationary phase.

HPTLC:

T. Sudha et. al., for the simultaneous measurement of Lamivudine and Abacavir sulphate in mixed dose forms, a high-performance thin layer chromatographic approach has been devised and validated that is straightforward, precise, accurate, quick, and speedy. The precoated silica gel 60F254 served as the stationary phase. Acetone, chloroform, and methanol were combined in the mobile phase in a ratio of 4: 4: 2 v/v/v. The 265nm wavelength was used for spot detection. The method's linearity, precision, accuracy, and specificity were all confirmed. The calibration curve's regression coefficient of 0.9998 revealed that it was linear between 500 and 3000 ng. The suggested approach can be utilised to accurately ascertain the drug content in commercial formulations¹².

Adissu Alemayehu et. al., for the simultaneous determination of abacavir, lamivudine, and zidovudine in pharmaceutical tablets, a straight forward, accurate, and exact HPTLC-densitometry approach has been devised. On HPTLC plates with an aluminium backing and a silicon gel 60 F254 (20 x 20 cm, 0.2 mm thick, Camag, Muttenz, Switzerland) for the separation process, methanol, chloroform and acetonitrile (4: 8: 3 v/v) were used. UV detection at 275 nm was used for the separation of the analytes. Linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, and robustness of the approach were all validated. The technique permitted quantification of the three components over the 200–1450 ng/band range. Relationships between second order polynomials and linear equations were examined. It was discovered that the second order polynomial fit was more appropriate, and the residuals plot of this fit was significantly better than that of the linear model, suggesting respectable correlation and conclusions (r² = 0.99995, 0.9998, and 0.9998 and r2 = 0.9999, 0.9997, and 0.9996 for 3-TC, ABC, and AZT, respectively). For 3-TC, ABC, and AZT, the method's accuracy is 99.35, 99.19, and 99.13%, respectively. The technique is reliable and has the ability to concurrently identify these pharmacological compounds from the dose forms¹³.

Table No.1 Summary of spectroscopic methods used in analysis of Raltegravir and its combination(s)

Sl. No.	Name of drug	λ max	Method	Concentration/ Range R2	LOD/LOQ and Recovery
1	Abacavir	256nm	UV-Visible spectroscopy	5-25μg/ml
2	Abacavir sulphate	296 nm	UV-Visible spectroscopy	2-16 μg/mL	0.1281mcg/ml 0.3843mcg/ml
3	Abacavir Lamivudine zidovudine	295.6 nm 279.8 nm 266.2 nm	UV-Visible spectroscopy	5-30 μg/ml 5-25 μg/ml 5-30 μg/ml	99.4% 99.12% 100.16%

Table No.2 Summary of HPLC and LC/MS methods used in analysis of Abacavir and its Combination

Sl. No	Drug	Column	Mobile Phase	Flow Rate	Retention Time	Detector	Concentration Range	R2/LOD/ LOQ Recovery
1	Abacavir sulphate	YMC Pack Pro C18	0.05% Phosphoric acid in water and 100% Acetonitrile	1.0 ml/min		220 nm	10 μg/ml	(r2> 0.9999) 0.004µg/mL to 0.013μg/ml 0.023µg/ml. to 0.076µg/ml. 92 to 112 % w/w.
2	Abacavir, lamivudine and Dolutegravir	column-Kromasil C18 column	buffer: acetonitrile (65:35)	1 ml/ min	2.250 min, 2.734 min and 9.633 min	257 nm	10 μg/ml	0.08 µg, 0.06 µg, 0.03 µg 0.2 µg, 0.19 µg and 0.10 µg
3	Lamivudine and Abacavir sulphate	Inertsil ODS C18	Acetone: chloroform: methanol 4: 4: 2 v/v/v			265nm		0.9998
4	Abacavir (ABAC) and Lamivudine (LAMI)	Symmetry Premsil C18	methanol: water (0.05% orthophosphoric acid with pH 3) 83:17 v/v	1ml/ min	3.5 min and 7.4 min	245 nm	20 μl	99% – 101%.
5	Abacavir	Gemini C18 analytical column	ethyl acetate and dichloromethane (90:10, v/v).	1.0ml/ min			29.8–9318 ng/mL	97-102%

Table No.3 Summary of HPTLC methods used in the analysis of Raltegravir and its combination(s)

Sl. No

Name of drug

Mobile phase

Stationary phase

quantitation over

UV detection

LOD/LOQ and

Recovery

Abacavir, Lamivudine and Zidovudine

Methanol: chloroform: acetonitrile (4: 8: 3 v/v).

Aluminum backed HPTLC plates (silica gel 60 F254 20×20 cm with 0.2 mm thickness)

200–1450 ng/band range

275 nm.

99.35, 99.19 and 99.13%

Table No.4 Summary of UPLC methods used in analysis of Raltegravir and its combination(s)

S. no

Drug

Column

Mobile Phase

Flow Rate

Retention Time

Detector

Concentration Range

R2/

LOD/

LOQ

Lamivudine, abacavir and dolutegravir

zodiac sil RP C18

Phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) and methanol in the ratio of 30:70 %v/v

0.25 ml/min

1.763, 2.247 and 3.175 min

260 nm

15-75 µg/ml, 30-150 µg/ml and 2.5-12.5 µg/ml,

0.021, 0.330 and 0.038 µg/ml,

0.056, 1.320 and 0.095 µg/ml

Spectroscopic method UV HPLC:

Kadivendi Chandrika et. al., for the measurement of Abacavir and Lamivudine in combined pharmaceutical tablet dose form, a new RP-HPLC method is created and validated. The Symmetry C18 column (150×4.6×5μ) at 281 nm, flow rate was of 0.6 ml/min, injection volume of 20μl, column oven temperature maintained at 25°C, and employing an equal proportion of Methanol and Water as mobile phase (50:50v/v) were utilised to construct the HPLC method. Retention periods of 4.675 and 2.682 minutes were discovered. It was discovered that the purity was 99.9 and 99.9% w/w, respectively. The analytical technique was approved in accordance with ICH standards (Q2 (R1)). The percentage recovery was 100.0%, 100.3%, and the RSD for precision was determined to be 0.2, 0.2, respectively. The correlation coefficient (r2) was found to be 0.999 in each case. The HPLC process was discovered to be reliable, economical, accurate, and precise. To determine the substance-related of abacavir and lamivudine in the combined pharmaceutical dosage form, the procedure can be provided for routine analysis and recommended¹⁴.

Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectroscopy:

Manish Yadav et. al., the measurement of the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor abacavir was devised and confirmed using a straight forward, exact, and quick liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry approach. By using liquid-liquid extraction in ethyl acetate and dichloromethane (90:10, v/v), abacavir and granisetron (internal standard) were separated from 100 L of human plasma. On a Gemini C18 analytical column (150 mm 4.6 mm, 5-m particle size), the chromatographic separation is accomplished under isocratic conditions, flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. An internal standard (m/z 313.1138.2) and abacavir (m/z 287.2191.2) parent product ion transitions were observed using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer running in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and positive ion mode. With an analysis time of 2.0 minutes, the linearity of the method for abacavir is established in the range of 29.8-9318 ng/mL. For concentrations over the standard curves under study, acceptable precision and accuracy were attained. The mean recovery was 86.8% and process efficiency of analyte achieved was 87.9% at three control levels. A pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence research carried out in 28 healthy volunteers for a 300 mg tablet formulation in the fasting conditions shows the use of this technology for routine assessment of plasma abacavir levels¹⁵.

Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography:

The system for Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) uses 1.7-μm reverse-phase packing material and operates in the 6000–15,000 psi pressure range. While standard HPLCs operate at pressures between 2000 and 4000 psi and use 3-5 μm packing material.

A new class of separation method called ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) uses the liquid chromatography principle. A viable method that provides sensitivity and selectivity for the quick determination of an analysis at low concentration in complicated matrices appears to be the combination of UPLC with a tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS).

Somshankar Dubey et. al., to create a straightforward, quick, accurate, and efficient reverse phase ultraperformance liquid chromatographic method (RP-UPLC) for measuring three drugs at once, lamivudine, abacavir, and dolutegravir, both in their pure form and as tablets. Methods: Chromatographic separation was carried out using the Waters-ACQUITY UPLC system, which is installed with an auto sampler, a PDA detector, a zodiac sil RP C18 (4.6 mm 250 mm, 3.0 m) column, phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) and methanol in the combination of 30:70%v/v, flow rate of 0.25 ml/min. The diluent was the mobile phase. Results: Lamivudine, abacavir, and dolutegravir each had a retention time (Rt) of 1.763, 2.247, and 3.175 min, respectively. In the ranges of 15–75 g/ml, 30–150 g/ml, and 2.5–12.5 g/ml, respectively, a satisfactory linear response was attained. According to the results, the Limit of Quantitation (LOQ) values were 0.056, 1.320, and 0.095 g/ml, respectively, and the Limit of Detection (LOD) values were 0.021, 0.330, and 0.038 g/ml, respectively¹⁶.

REFERENCES:

1. Carr A. HIV lipodystrophy: risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. AIDS. 2003; Apr;17 Suppl1:S141-8.

2. S. Janet Beula, T. Ramamohan Reddy, R. Suthakaran, M. Viswaja. RP-HPLC Method Development and Validation for the Estimation of Lafutidine using Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Technology. 2023; 15(3): 184-8.

3. www.drugbank.ca, http://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DBO1048

4. Raju NA, Rao JV, Prakash KV, Mukkanti K. Spectrophotometric estimation of abacavir sulphate in pharmaceutical formulations. E-Journal of Chemistry. 2008; Jul 1; 5(3): 511-4.

5. Supritha HR. Analytical Method Development and Validation of Abacavir in Pure and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms by Using UV-Spectrophotometric Method. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2018; Feb 1: 74-8.

6. Nagulwar VP, Bhusari KP. Simultaneous estimation of Abacavir, Lamivudine and Zidovudine in combined tablet dosage form by UV spectrophotometric method. Int J Res Ayurveda and Pharm. 2011; 2: 610-4.

7. Akhilesh S. Tokey, Mugdha R. Suryawanshi, Pranav P. Tambe. Development And Validation OfUv Spectroscopic Method For Estimation Of Abacavir In Tablet Dosage Form. International Journal Of Current Pharmaceutical Research. 2022; 14(5): 36-39.

8. B Ranjita, S Prashanti, K Ram Shuba Reddy, S K Gulati, G Tuljarani. New colorimetric methods for the estimation of abacavir sulphate in bulk and dosage forms.International Journal of Chemical Sciences. 2011; 9(1): 205-213

9. Pavan Kumar, D., Naga Jhansi, T., Srinivasa Rao, G. and Kirti Kumar Jain. A validated SP-HPLE method for abacavir sulphate. International Journal of Current Research. 2018; 1(12): 76072-76076

10. Ahmad SA, Patil L, Usman MR, Imran M, Akhtar R. Analytical method development and validation for the simultaneous estimation of abacavir and lamivudine by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography in bulk and tablet dosage forms. Pharmacognosy Research. 2018; 10(1): 92.

11. Pal N, Rao AS, Ravikumar P. Simultaneous HPLC method development and validation for estimation of Lamivudine, Abacavir and Dolutegravir in combined dosage form with their stability studies. Asian Journal of Chemistry. 2016; 28(2): 273.

12. Sudha T, Ravikumar VR, Hemalatha PV. Validated HPTLC method for simultaneous determination of lamivudine and abacavir sulphate in tablet dosage form. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2010; 1(11): 107.

13. A Bekhit A, Alemayehu A, I Mohamed AM, Hymete A. HPTLC-densitometry method development and validation for simultaneous determination of abacavir, lamivudine and zidovudine in combined dosage form. Journal of the Iranian Chemical Research. 2011; 4(4): 251-62.

14. Kadivendi Chandrika, V Chaithanya. RP-HPLC Method Development and Validation for the Estimation of Abacavir and Lamivudine. Ijsrm.Human. 2020; 15 (1): 97-109.

15. Yadav M, Gupta A, Singhal P, Shrivastav PS. Development and validation of a selective and rapid LC-MS-MS method for the quantification of abacavir in human plasma. J Chromatogr Sci. 2010; 48(8): 654-62. doi: 10.1093/chromsci/48.8.654. PMID: 20819295.

16. Dubey S, Duggirala M. Simultaneous estimation of lamivudine, abacavir and dolutegravir by UPLC method. Int. J. App. Pharm. 2018; 10(1): 46-52.

17. L. Satyanarayana, S.V. Naidu, M. Narasimha Rao, C. Ayyanna, Alok Kumar. The Estimation of Raltigravir in Tablet dosage form by RP-HPLC. Asian J. Pharm. Ana. 2011; 1(3): 56-58.

18. Jitendra Verma, Dheeraj Jain, Nilesh Jain, Sharad P Pandey, Deepak Kumar Jain. Simultaneous Estimation of Lamivudine, Stavudine and Nevirapine by RP-HPLC in Tablet Formulation. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2010; 3(2): 490-493.

19. Prasada Rao CH , Seshagiri Rao JVLN, Dhachinamoorthi D, Lakshmi Aswini G, Ashok K. Visible Spectrophotometric Determination of Abacavir Sulphate in Bulk Drug and Tablet Dosage Form. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2011; 4(2): 234-236.

20. T. Sudha, P. Shanmugasundram. Development and Validation of RP-HPLC and HPTLC Chromatographic Methods of Analysis for the Quantitative Estimation of Raltegravir Potassium in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2011; 4(11): 1746-1750.

21. Ganesh Shinde, Godage R. K, Dr R. S. Jadhav, Barhate Manoj, Bhagwat Aniket. A Review on Advances in UV Spectroscopy. Research J. Science and Tech. 2020; 12(1): 47-51.

22. Suvarna. S. Dhone, Jyoti D. Anap, Nalawade Dipak D., Kote Prasad C.. A Review on Moxifloxacin. Research Journal of Science and Technology. 2023; 15(3): 161-4.

23. Dipak Nalawade, R. K. Godge, S. D. Magar. Analytical Method Development and Validation of Ritonavir: A Review. Research J. Science and Tech. 2020; 12(2): 157-162.

24. Sri Lakshmi D, Jane T Jacob, Srinivasa Sastry D, Satyanarayana D. Simultaneous Estimation of Metformin Glimeperide and Voglibose by RP-UPLC. Asian J. Pharm. Ana. 2017; 7(1): 23-30.

25. Hamid Khan, Javed Ali. UHPLC: Applications in Pharmaceutical Analysis. Asian J. Pharm. Ana. 2017; 7(2): 124-131.

26. Rohini S. Koli, Aslam S. Patel, Kamlesh N. Chaudhari, Khushbu R. Patil. A Review on HPLC and Its New Trends. Asian J. Pharm. Ana. 2018; 8(4): 233-236.

27. Hamid Khan. Identification and Characterization of Degradation Products of Valsartan by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS Technique. Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2021; 11(1): 1-5.

28. H. S. Jumde, S. D. Mankar. Review on development of Analytical Method and Validation by Reverse Phase – High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2022; 12(2): 179-2.

29. Mirza Shahed, Palaskar Pallavi S, MHG Dehghan, SN Mokale. Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Estimation of Abacavir sulfate and Lamivudine in Tablet Dosage Form. Asian J. Research Chem. 2009; 2(4): 461-463.

30. V.P. Devmurari. Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Lamivudine and Abacavir in the Mixture. Asian J. Research Chem. 2010; 3(3): 707-709.

Received on 13.09.2023 Revised on 05.10.2024

Accepted on 08.04.2025 Published on 01.10.2025

Available online from October 04, 2025

Research J. Pharmacy and Technology. 2025;18(10):5047-5053.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00729

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.